3-Validator Cluster Benchmark Results

3-validator cluster benchmark results from 2026-02-28, covering TPS benchmarks and bottleneck analysis across CPU, memory, and I/O.

Test Environment

Parameter	Value
Topology	3 validators + 1 VFN
Machine spec	8 vCPU / 16 GB RAM
Disk	200 GB pd-balanced (4,200 IOPS)
Accounts	100k accounts

Load Test Results (transaction removal rate)

• Before write buffer is full: ~11k TPS ERC20 transfer

• After write buffer is full: ~9.5k TPS ERC20 transfer

TPS over time

TPS detail

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Bottleneck Analysis

Resource Utilization

1. CPU

• CPU was not the bottleneck (usage ~800% on a 16-core machine)

• Execution, Merkle computation, and other pipeline stages all completed within the block time (~200 ms)

CPU utilization during load test

2. Memory

• Memory grew continuously during the block cache fill phase, eventually reaching the 16 GB limit

Memory growth as block cache fills

3. Persistence (I/O)

• Persistence latency was noticeably higher than the block time (~300 ms vs ~200 ms)

• This caused the write buffer to accumulate and memory to grow

• Significant back-pressure appeared once the buffer reached the limit of 64

Persistence latency vs. block time